WATER FACTS
 
OVERVIEW
Concerns about the quality of our water are being raised everywhere. While most of the concerns are normally limited to the quality of water coming from private water sources, it can also encompass municipal water systems. Concerns range from bacterial contamination to toxic contaminants such as heavy metals (like lead and arsenic), hydrocarbons (fuels) and chemical contaminants.
The first step to improving a home’s water quality is to have the water evaluated by a certified laboratory. The cost may range from about $75 for a basic bacteriological test to several thousand dollars for multiple element screenings.  There are several types of treatment methods available including point of use (kitchen faucet) styles to point of entry (whole house) water treatment systems, that can be installed should tests indicate a problem, or if desired as a precautionary measure. These treatment systems include basic components like carbon or iron filters to more sophisticated systems like reverse osmosis or ultraviolet lighting  for bacteriological contamination.
INTERESTING WATER FACTS
· Two thirds of our planet is comprised of water. 97% is salt water, 2% is frozen in the polar ice caps and 1% is fresh water.
· There is no new water on our planet. The water we drink today has been around for millions of years. Water recycles through a hydrological cycle of evaporation (water vapor and clouds) and precipitation (rain, snow, etc.). The water we drink today may very well have been a drink for dinosaurs millions of years ago.
· Water is a universal solvent. It literally dissolves (or picks up) virtually everything it comes into contact with. That is why traces of thousands of chemicals, elements, and compounds have been found in water.
· Water is an ideal habitat for many organisms and viruses.
· Pure water rarely exists in nature. Spring water or well water is raw, untreated water and often contains many impurities.
· More than 70% of our body is comprised of water. Pure water is considered the best to cleanse and rejuvenate our bodies. The cleaner the water the better.
· Hardness in water, often referred to as minerals, is really dissolved rock and metals that offer little if any nutritional or health value.
WATER CONTAMINANTS AND TREATMENT
Bacteria One third of all wells are estimated to contain bacteria.  Some of these are not harmful; however it is still recommended that homeowners have their well tested every six months.  Bacteria can be effectively treated with an ultraviolet disinfection system.  ‘Shocking the well’, adding chlorine directly to the well is often just a temporary solution and must be done properly to be effective even as a temporary remedy.
Coli form Bacteria and E. Coli Coli form bacteria are a group of thirty bacterial species that are sometimes found in drinking water.  E Coli are a specific type of Coli form that strongly suggests the presence of human or animal waste.  In North America, E.coli (O157:H7), an extremely dangerous strain of E. coli bacteria, infects more than 80,000 people annually. The acceptable limit for Coli form and E. Coli is zero (or absent). Coli form and E. Coli bacteria can be treated with a chlorine chem. feed system or ultraviolet disinfection. ‘Shocking the well’, adding chlorine directly to the well is often just a temporary solution and must be done properly to be effective even as a temporary remedy.
Chemicals Thousands of chemicals have been identified in water.  Individual testing can range from $50 to $350 per test and is therefore generally cost prohibitive.  Group testing of chemicals and compounds such as those for VOC’s (volatile organic compounds) can identify over fifty compounds such as benzene, carbon tetrachloride, MTBE (a gasoline additive), toluene, vinyl chloride, and others and can be done for a cost of less than $250 for the entire group.  Most chemicals can be reduced or removed by carbon filtration and certified drinking water systems incorporating carbon and a combination of carbon and reverse osmosis.  These systems can also be used as a preventative measure while at the same time improving the taste and overall quality of the water.  Look for a certified listing such as NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) to ensure safety and performance.
Chloride Acceptable chloride levels are set at different levels in different states with limits generally set at the 250 mg/L (milligrams per liter) level.  Chlorides are found in nearly all natural waters.  At higher levels (usually above 250 mg/L) a salty taste is detected.  Very high chloride levels in water can be corrosive to pipes, fixtures, appliances, and heating equipment.  Reverse Osmosis systems effectively reduce chloride levels.  In certain instances sequestering agents may need to be used.
Chlorine Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant on municipal and community drinking water supplies.  It is used to control the growth and spread of bacteria, viruses, and cysts.  It is not a contaminant but its taste in water, food, and beverages may be objectionable to some people.  It also may cause skin to feel taught and dry after showering or bathing.  According to an EPA report and scientific studies chlorine has the potential to form trihalomethanes (THM’s) in water which have been linked to certain types of cancer.  Chlorine can be removed with carbon, silver impregnated carbon, and reverse osmosis systems that incorporate the use of carbon or silver impregnated carbon.
 Color Many waters have some coloration that at low levels are not objectionable.  Color can be caused by dissolved organic material, decaying vegetation and/or certain inorganic material such as iron or manganese.  For example it is the tannin in tea that gives it “color”.  Treatment varies depending on the source and can involve mechanical filtration, chlorination, or anion exchange systems.
Hardness Hardness is dissolved rock and/or metals in water.  It is often largely comprised of calcium and magnesium in an ionized form, but can any one of several rocks or metals.  There is no health risk or benefit associated with hardness.  Hard water is expensive water in the sense that the harder the water the more soap, detergents, and cleaning products need to be used; hot water costs more to heat; and scale builds up and eventually ruins plumbing, appliances and fixtures.  There is no limit set for hardness but you can use the following hardness classification table to determine the degree of hardness present in your water supply.  Whatever your level a water softener or conditioner is the method of treatment to remove hardness.
             0 to 1 grains per gallon            soft, conditioned water
                               1  to 3.5 grains per gallon            slightly hard water                            
      3.5 to 7 grains per gallon            medium hard water
 7 to 10.5 grains per gallon            hard water
      over 10.5 grains per gallon            extremely hard water
Iron.  There is no limit set for iron but as little as .3 mg/L (milligrams per liter) can cause brown staining on fixtures and laundry.  Iron can be in several forms in water.  Two common forms are dissolved (ferrous) and precipitated (ferric).  Precipitated iron can be mechanically filtered out.  More commonly it is in the ferrous state and can be removed by a water softener or iron filter.
Lead Lead is a heavy metal and a cumulative toxin. That is to say, it accumulates in the body and does not break down.  Oftentimes, it is linked to lead solder joints used to connect copper pipes or a lead pipe service connection from the main water supply to the home.  The limit for lead is 15 ug/L (micrograms per liter).  Lead can be removed using a reverse osmosis drinking water system, certified lead filter, or a cation exchange system, or a combination of the three.  In either case look for a certified listing such as NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) to ensure safety and performance.
Manganese There is no limit set for manganese but as little as .25 mg/L (milligrams per liter) can cause dark brown, blackish stains on fixtures or laundry.  Low levels of manganese can be removed with a water softener or iron filter.
Nitrate & Nitrite Nitrogen Nitrates in water are an indication of human or animal wastes or fertilizers as the potential source, although the specific source if often not known.  Higher levels interfere with the blood’s ability to absorb oxygen especially in infants and young children.  The limit is set at 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) and can be effectively removed with a certified reverse osmosis system.  When considering a reverse osmosis system for nitrate removal look for the specific certification for nitrate removal such as one from NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) to ensure safety and performance.
Odor Sulfur, iron bacteria, petroleum, and organic matter can cause odor in water.  Most common is the “rotten egg” smell caused by sulfur or decaying bacteria.  Treatment methods vary depending on the source and amount present.  These methods can include chlorination, aeration, filtration, and adsorption. 
PH pH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of water.  Water has a neutral pH of 7.2.  The ideal range for water is 6.5 to 8.5.  Below 6.5 it is considered acidic and therefore aggressive and corrosive.  Acidic water corrodes copper pipes and lead solder and causes blue green stains.  Low pH can be corrected with an acid neutralizer filter or chem feed system.
                        0 to 6.5                acidic; can corrode pipes & fixtures
                     6.5 to 8.5                acceptable neutral range
                     8.5 to  14                alkaline
Radon Radon is an odorless radioactive gas, which is formed by the natural breakdown of uranium.  Uranium can be found in high concentration in soils and rock formations containing granite, shale, and phosphate in almost any area.  As radon is produced it can seep into water supply systems through natural cracks and fissures in the earth’s crust and also through other porous materials.
Once trapped inside a closed structure, radon can accumulate to the point where a potential health hazard may exist.  According to the National Safety Council radon is the number two cause of lung cancer.  They also note that the Surgeon General recommends that every home be tested for Radon.  The EPA recommended limit for airborne radon is 4 pCi/L (Pico curies per liter) and 5,000 pCi/L in water.  High radon levels in water can be treated using aeration or carbon filtration mitigation systems.
Sodium Sodium levels are set at different limits in different states.  Persons with high blood pressure, hypertension or on a low salt diet should consult with a physician before consuming water with a high sodium level.  Most waters that contain high levels of sodium are due to water softeners containing sodium chloride.  A reverse osmosis system will greatly reduce the sodium level. 
Sulfate Mine drainage waste may contribute to large amounts of sulfate through oxidation.  High concentrations of sulfates in water act as cathartics.  Reverse Osmosis is an effective treatment for sulfate.
Sulfur Sulfur in water is most often in the form of hydrogen sulfide gas which creates an objectionable “rotten egg” odor.  It is also corrosive to plumbing and can cause rapid tarnishing of silver.  Even at very low concentrations it has a strong odor.  It can also cause yellow or black staining of bathroom and kitchen fixtures.  Beverages and cooked foods can have an objectionable taste and appearance when made with sulfur water.  Hydrogen Sulfide can be removed with oxidation or adorbtion filtration.
TDS TDS (totally dissolved solids) is a measure of substances that are dissolved in water.  These can range from anything from hardness, to salts, to any number of substances that end in “ate”, “ite”, or “ide”.  It is a quantitative measure and not a qualitative measure, meaning that it does not identify what is in the water but how much.  A limit of 500 mg/L (milligrams per liter) has been set as a general standard and an indication of when they should be reduced, although no real set criteria has been established.  The general rule is the lower the TDS the purer the water.  A reverse osmosis system will effectively reduce TDS.
Turbidity Turbidity is usually caused by the presence of suspended material such as clay, silt, finely divided organic material and other inorganic materials.  It gives water a cloudy or murky appearance.  Turbidity can be treated by mechanical filtration and a variety of media.